Texas Beetle Resources

Return to Texas Entomology - Compiled by Mike Quinn


Pollinating Beetles of Texas

The following species are representative of flower-frequenting beetles in Texas


Carabidae - Scarabaeidae - Buprestidae - Lycidae - Cantharidae - Dermestidae - Cleridae - Melyridae - Nitidulidae - Phalacridae - Erotylidae - Coccinellidae
Mordellidae - Ripiphoridae - Oedemeridae - Meloidae - Anthicidae - Scraptiidae - Cerambycidae - Chrysomelidae - Attelabidae - Curculionidae - References

Carabidae - Ground Beetles

Lebia viridis Say - Lebia viridis Lebia pulchella Dejean - Lebia pulchella Lebia bitaeniata Chevrolat - Lebia bitaeniata Lebia analis Dejean - Lebia analis Carabid - Lebia fuscata Lebia lobulata LeConte - Lebia lobulata Lebia viridipennis Dejean - Lebia viridipennis Lebia grandis Hentz - Lebia grandis Lebia vittata (Fabricius) - Lebia vittata

Per Harborne (1993), pollen contains 16-30% or more protein, 1-7% starch, 0-15% free sugar and 3-10% fat by dry weight.


Staphylinidae - Rove Beetles, Eusphalerum spp. visit flowers, but that genus doesn't occur in Texas.


Scarabaeidae - Scarab Beetles

Euphoria sepulcralis (Fabricius) - Euphoria sepulcralis=Euphoria sepulcralis (Fabricius) - Euphoria sepulcralis Euphoria kernii Haldeman - Euphoria kernii=Euphoria kernii Haldeman - Euphoria kernii=Euphoria kernii Haldeman - Euphoria kernii Olive Euphoria - Euphoria herbacea Euphoria pilipennis perhaps - Euphoria pilipennis
Euphoria inda (Linnaeus) - Euphoria inda Euphoria basalis (Gory and Percheron) - Euphoria basalis Euphoria biguttata (Gory and Percheron) - Euphoria biguttata Euphoria devulsa Horn - Euphoria devulsa Euphoria fulgida (Fabricius) - Euphoria fulgida=Blue Emerald Euphoria - Euphoria fulgida
Trigonopeltastes delta Forster - Trigonopeltastes delta Trichiotinus texanus (Horn) - Trichiotinus texanus=Trichiotinus texanus (Horn) - Trichiotinus texanus Trichiotinus piger (Fabricius) - Trichiotinus piger Trichiotinus lunulatus (Fabricius) - Trichiotinus lunulatus=Trichiotinus - Trichiotinus lunulatus Cute Black and Yellow Scarab - Gnorimella maculosa
Valgus seticollis ? - Valgus canaliculatus - male Valgus seticollis=Valgus seticollis (Palisot de Beauvois) - Valgus seticollis - female 

Buprestidae - Metallic Wood-boring Beetles (see also Buprestidae of Texas)

Acmaeodera ornatoides Barr - Acmaeodera ornatoides=Acmaeodera ornatoides Barr - Acmaeodera ornatoides Acmaeodera flavomarginata (Gray) - Acmaeodera flavomarginata=Acmaeodera flavomarginata (Gray) - Acmaeodera flavomarginata Acmaeodera scalaris Mannerheim - Acmaeodera scalaris
Acmaeodera mixta LeConte - Acmaeodera mixta=Acmaeodera mixta LeConte - Acmaeodera mixta=Acmaeodera mixta LeConte - Acmaeodera mixta=Acmaeodera mixta LeConte - Acmaeodera mixta Acmaeodera neoneglecta Fisher - Acmaeodera neoneglecta
Acmaeodera neglecta Fall - Acmaeodera neglecta
=Buprestidae - Acmaeodera? - Acmaeodera neglecta Acmaeodera neoneglecta Fisher - Acmaeodera neoneglecta=Acmaeodera neoneglecta Fisher - Acmaeodera neoneglecta Acmaeodera tubulus (Fabricius) - Acmaeodera tubulus Acmaeodera haemorrhoa LeConte - Acmaeodera haemorrhoa
Anthaxia quercata (Fabricius) - Anthaxia quercata Anthaxia viridifrons Gory - Anthaxia viridifrons - female Anthaxia (Haplanthaxia) cyanella Gory - Anthaxia cyanella

Lycidae - Net-winged Beetles

Calopteron terminale (Say) - Calopteron terminale Calopteron reticulatum (Fabricius) - Calopteron reticulatum Lycus sanguineus (Gorham) - Lycus sanguineus Lycus Lycus fernandezi Duges - Lycus fernandezi=Fernandez Net-winged Beetle - Lycus fernandezi

Cantharidae - Soldier Beetles

Chauliognathus scutellaris LeConte - Chauliognathus scutellaris Cantharid 1 - Chauliognathus limbicollis Margined Leatherwing - Chauliognathus marginatus Belotus bicolor Brancucci - Belotus bicolor

Dermestidae - Carpet Beetles (see also: Dermestids of Texas)

Anthrenus verbasci (Linnaeus) - Anthrenus verbasci Cryptorhopalum ruficorne LeConte - Cryptorhopalum ruficorne Cryptorhopalum reversum Casey - Cryptorhopalum reversum Orphilus ater Erichson - Orphilus ater Cryptorhopalum triste-group - Cryptorhopalum triste

Trogoderma prey on wasp and bee larvae, and spider eggs


Cleridae - Checkered Beetles (see also: Cleridae of Texas)

Subfamily Clerinae

Aulicus apachei Barr & Foster - Aulicus apachei Aulicus femoralis Schaeffer - Aulicus femoralis Aulicus Aulicus monticola Enoclerus analis (LeConte) - Enoclerus analis Enoclerus ? - Enoclerus nigripes Enoclerus rosmarus (Say) - Enoclerus rosmarus Cleridae - Enoclerus coccineus Enoclerus vetus Wolcott - Enoclerus vetus BG3040 E8759 - Enoclerus ichneumoneus 
Cleridae - ? - Enoclerus cordifer Enoclerus laetus (Klug) ssp. abruptus (LeConte) - Enoclerus laetus=Enoclerus laetus (Klug) ssp. abruptus (LeConte) - Enoclerus laetus=Enoclerus laetus complex - Enoclerus laetus Enoclerus quadrisignatus (Say) - Enoclerus quadrisignatus
Enoclerus opifex (Gorham) - Enoclerus opifex Enoclerus spinolae (Leconte) - Enoclerus spinolae Enoclerus viduus (Klug) - Enoclerus viduus Enoclerus lecontei Wolcott - Enoclerus lecontei Enoclerus moestus (Klug) - Enoclerus moestus Trichodes simulator Horn - Trichodes simulator Trichodes bibalteatus LeConte - Trichodes bibalteatus Trichodes bicinctus Green - Trichodes bicinctus Trichodes oresterus Wolcott - Trichodes oresterus Checkered beetle from Banff 10.07.09 - Trichodes ornatus=Checkered beetle from Yellowstone 10.07.07 - Trichodes ornatus=Ornate Checkered Beetle - Trichodes ornatus Beautiful Colors - Trichodes apivorus 

Subfamily Enopliinae

Pelonides granulatipennis (Schaeffer)  - Pelonides granulatipennis=Pelonides granulatipennis (Schaeffer) - Pelonides granulatipennis - male=Pelonides granulatipennis (Schaeffer)  - Pelonides granulatipennis - female BG2604 E4170 - Pelonides quadripunctata=Pelonides quadrinotata (Haldeman) - Pelonides quadrinotata - male=Pelonides quadrinotata (Haldeman) - Pelonides quadrinotata - female=Pelonides quadrinotata (Haldeman) - Pelonides quadrinotata - female Clerid? - Pelonides humeralis=Melyrid - Pelonides humeralis

Melyridae - Soft-winged Flower Beetles 

Hypebaeus Attalusinus mexicanus Marshall, female - Attalusinus mexicanus - female Attalus scincetus (Say) - Attalus scincetus Attalus circumscriptus (Say) - Attalus circumscriptus Attalus rufiventris Horn - Attalus rufiventris Attalus nigripes Horn - Attalus nigripes Attalus serraticornis Fall - Attalus serraticornis Attalus scapularis Marshall - Attalus scapularis Attalus
Collops vittatus (Say) - Collops vittatus - male Collops - female Collops balteatus LeConte - Collops balteatus - male=Collops balteatus LeConte - Collops balteatus - female
  Melyrodes basalis (LeConte) - Melyrodes basalis Melyrodes cribrata (LeConte) - Melyrodes cribrata
Trichochrous Leptovectura adspersa Casey - Leptovectura adspersa Listrus senilis (LeConte) - Listrus senilis

Nitidulidae - Sap Beetles

Carpophilus pallipennis (Say) - Nitops pallipennis Conotelus

Small hive beetle an adventive pest of honey bees


Phalacridae - Shining Flower Beetles

Olibrus

Erotylidae - Pleasing Fungus Beetles

Pleasing Lizard Beetle - Languria laeta Languria mozardi Latreille - Languria mozardi Languria denticulata Schaeffer - Languria denticulata Languria trifasciata Say - Languria trifasciata Dasydactylus cnici Schaeffer - Dasydactylus cnici

Coccinellidae - Lady Beetles (see also: Coccinellidae of Texas)

Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) - Coleomegilla maculata BG2558 E1670 - Coleomegilla maculata BG2558 E1670 - Coleomegilla maculata Ladybeetle larva - Coleomegilla maculata

Naemia seriata (Melsheimer) - Naemia seriata Ladybeetle - Naemia seriata Lady Beetle - Naemia seriata coccinellid larva - Naemia seriata

Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus - Coccinella septempunctata Seven-spotted Lady Beetle larva - Coccinella septempunctata


Mordellidae - Tumbling Flower Beetles

Mordella insulata LeConte - Mordella insulata Mordella marginata Melsheimer - Mordella marginata Mordellaria serval (Say) - Mordellaria serval Mordella mexicana Champion - Mordella mexicana Paramordellaria carinata (Smith) - Paramordellaria carinata Mordella atrata Melsheimer - Mordella atrata Mordella signata Champion - Mordella signata BG3044 E8771 - Glipa hilaris Hoshihananomia octopunctata (Fabricius) - Hoshihananomia octopunctata Mordellistena cervicalis LeConte - Mordellistena cervicalis - male Mordellina infima (LeConte) - Mordellina infima Mordellistena pustulata (Melsheimer) - Mordellina pustulata Tumbling Flower Beetle - Mordellistena convicta Mordellistena limbalis (Melsheimer) - Mordellistena limbalis Falsomordellistena hebraica (LeConte) - Falsomordellistena hebraica Falsomordellistena pubescens (Fabricius) - Falsomordellistena pubescens Mordellistena trifasciata (Say) - Mordellistena trifasciata

Ripiphoridae - Wedge-shaped Beetles

Wedge-shaped beetle - Macrosiagon limbata - male=Macrosiagon limbata - male=Wedge-shaped Beetle - Macrosiagon limbata - male Ripiphorus rex (Champion) - Ripiphorus rex - female

Ripiphorus spp. parasitize ground nesting bees


Oedemeridae - False Blister Beetles (see also Oedemeridae of Texas)

Heliocis repanda (Horn) - Heliocis repanda Asclera puncticollis (Say) - Asclera puncticollis Polypria cruxrufa Chevrolat - Polypria cruxrufa=Polypria cruxrufa Chevrolat - Polypria cruxrufa

Meloidae - Blister Beetles (see also Meloidae of Texas)

Tarantula Hawk Mimic - Lytta fulvipennis BG2591 E4039 - Lytta aenea=Lytta aenea - female Pyrota deceptiva Selander - Pyrota deceptiva Pyrota tenuicostatis (Dugès) - Pyrota tenuicostatis Pyrota insulata (LeConte) - Pyrota insulata Pleuropasta reticulata (Van Dyke) - Pleuropasta reticulata Eupompha fissiceps LeConte - Eupompha fissiceps=Eupompha fissiceps LeConte - Eupompha fissiceps=Eupompha fissiceps LeConte - Eupompha fissiceps Epicauta fabricii (LeConte) - Epicauta fabricii - male=Epicauta fabricii (LeConte) - Epicauta fabricii - male Black Blister Beetle? - Epicauta pennsylvanica Blister Beetle - Epicauta conferta Epicauta atrata (Fabricius) - Epicauta atrata Epicauta atrivittata (LeConte) - Epicauta atrivittata - male Epicauta segmenta (Say) - Epicauta segmenta
Epicauta nigritarsis (LeConte) - Epicauta nigritarsis Epicauta sericans LeConte - Epicauta sericans South Texas -  Meloidae - Epicauta albida - male Slender black-legged Epi - Epicauta brunnea Epicauta species? - Epicauta immaculata Epicauta maculata (Say) - GROUP - Epicauta maculata Blister Beetle, I think - Epicauta callosa Epicauta polingi Werner - Epicauta polingi Pseudozonitis sp. - Pseudozonitis roseomaculatis Gnathium minimum (Say) - Gnathium minimum Gnathium francilloni Kirby - Gnathium francilloni=Gnathium francilloni Kirby - Gnathium francilloni Zonitis perforata Zonitis (Parazonitis) - Zonitis
Blister Beetle - Nemognatha Nemognatha (Nemognatha) piazata bicolor LeConte  - Nemognatha piazata=Nemognatha (Nemognatha) piazata bicolor LeConte - Nemognatha piazata Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte - Nemognatha nigripennis

Many larvae, other than Epicauta, enter the nests of wild bees, where they consume both immature bees and the provisions of one or more cells.


Anthicidae - Antlike Flower Beetles

Notoxus monodon (Fabricius) - Notoxus monodon Notoxus calcaratus Horn - Notoxus calcaratus Notoxus haustrus Chandler - Notoxus haustrus 

Scraptiidae - False Flower Beetles

Anaspis Diclidia Naucles Pentaria dispar (Liljeblad) - Pentaria dispar Pentaria trifasciata (Melsheimer) - Pentaria trifasciata

Cerambycidae - Long-horned Beetles (see also: Cerambycidae of Texas)

Subfamily Lepturinae - Flower Longhorns

Trigonarthris atrata (LeConte) - Trigonarthris atrata Comacmaeops brunnea  (Knull) - Comacmaeops brunnea=Comacmaeops brunnea (Knull) - Comacmaeops brunnea Bellamira scalaris (Say) - Bellamira scalaris Stenocorus cinnamopterus  (Randall) - Stenocorus cinnamopterus - male Cyphonotida rostrata texana Giesbert & Hovore - Cyphonotida rostrata
Charisalia americana (Haldeman) - Charisalia americana Grammoptera haematites  (Newman) - Grammoptera haematites Megachoriolaus texanus (Knull) - Megachoriolaus texanus=Megachoriolaus texanus (Knull) - Megachoriolaus texanus Pseudostrangali cruentata (Haldeman) - Pseudostrangali cruentata I believe this to be a Florida Longhorn Beetle, captured on the upper Gulf Coast of Texas, High Island, east of Galveston. - Lycochoriolaus lateralis Strangalia sexnotata Haldeman - Strangalia sexnotata=strangaille - Strangalia sexnotata=strangaille - Strangalia sexnotata Typocerus acuticauda standishi Knull - Typocerus acuticauda Strangalia virilis LeConte - Strangalia virilis Typocerus lunulatus texanus Linsley & Chemsak - Typocerus lunulatus BG2126 E0368 - Typocerus zebra Typocerus octonotatus (Haldeman) - Typocerus octonotatus Typocerus velutinus nobilis (Newman) - Typocerus velutinus Typocerus sinuatus (Newman) - Typocerus sinuatus Typocerus balteatus diana Lewis -- PARATYPE - Typocerus balteatus Typocerus acuticauda standishi Knull - Typocerus acuticauda Typocerus lugubris (Say) - Typocerus lugubris

Subfamily Cerambycinae

Plinthocoelium schwarzi (Fisher) - Plinthocoelium schwarzi Plinthocoelium sp. - Plinthocoelium suaveolens
Ochraethes citrinus Chevrolat - Ochraethes citrinus=Ochraethes citrinus Chevrolat - Ochraethes citrinus Placosternus erythropus (Chevrolat) - Placosternus erythropus Tanyochraethes tildeni Chemsak & Linsley - Tanyochraethes tildeni=Tanyochraethes tildeni Chemsak & Linsley - Tanyochraethes tildeni Tylcus hartwegii (White) - Tylcus hartwegii Megacyllene antennata Megacyllene decora (Olivier) - Megacyllene decora Lissonotus flavocinctus Dupont  - Lissonotus flavocinctus
=Rhopalophora cupricollis Guérin-Méneville - Rhopalophora cupricollis Rhopalophora angustata Schaeffer - Rhopalophora angustata Rhopalophora longipes (Say) - Rhopalophora longipes Dihammaphora dispar Chevrolat - Dihammaphora dispar Rhopalophora meeskei Casey - Rhopalophora meeskei
Blood-necked Longhorned Beetle - Callimoxys sanguinicollis - female=Blood-necked Longhorned Beetle - Callimoxys sanguinicollis - female Tetranodus niveicollis (Linell) - Tetranodus niveicollis - female=Tetranodus niveicollis Linell - Tetranodus niveicollis - male Pentanodes dietzii Schaeffer  - Pentanodes dietzii Euderces pini Olivier - Euderces pini Euderces reichei LeConte - Euderces reichei Long-horned Beetle - Euderces picipes=Longhorned Beetle - Euderces picipes
Plionoma suturalis (LeConte) - Plionoma suturalis Plionoma rubens (Casey) - Plionoma rubens - male Schizax senex  LeConte - Schizax senex - male Sphaenothecus bivittata Dupont - Sphaenothecus bivittata Lophalia cyanicollis (Dupont) - Lophalia cyanicollis Mannophorus laetus LeConte - Mannophorus laetus Batyle suturalis cylindrella Casey - Batyle suturalis Batyle ignicollis (Say) - Batyle ignicollis
Aethecerinus latecinctus (Horn) - Aethecerinus latecinctus Aethecerinus wilsonii (Horn) - Aethecerinus wilsonii Pilostenaspis lateralis (LeConte) - Pilostenaspis lateralis Parevander hovorei Giesbert  - Parevander hovorei Callona rimosa - Beautiful Mesquite Borer - Callona rimosa Ancylocera bicolor (Olivier) - Ancylocera bicolor - female=Ancylocera bicolor (Olivier) - Ancylocera bicolor - male Elytroleptus immaculipennis Knull - Elytroleptus immaculipennis Elytroleptus divisus (LeConte) - Elytroleptus divisus Elytroleptus apicalis (LeConte) - Elytroleptus apicalis Elytroleptus limpianus Skiles & Chemsak - Elytroleptus limpianus Elytroleptus floridanus Crossidius suturalis LeConte - Crossidius suturalis Crossidius pulchellus LeConte - Crossidius pulchellus Crossidius humeralis quadrivittatus Penrose - Crossidius humeralis longhorn - Crossidius discoideus Unknown Brown Bug - Crossidius humeralis Crossidius militaris Bates, 1892 - Crossidius militaris - female Tylosis jimenezii Dugès  - Tylosis jimenezii - male=Tylosis jimenezii Dugès  - Tylosis jimenezii Tylosis maculatus LeConte - Tylosis maculatus Tylosis oculatus LeConte - Tylosis oculatus

Chrysomelidae - Leaf Beetles (see also: Chrysomelidae of Texas)

Subfamily Galerucinae - Skeletonizing Leaf Beetles

Paranapiacaba connexa (J. L. LeConte) - Paranapiacaba connexa Parana in Maracaibo or something - Paranapiacaba tricincta Acalymma peregrinum (Jacoby) - Acalymma peregrinum Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius) - Acalymma vittatum Cyclotrypema furcata (Olivier) - Cyclotrypema furcata Triarius vittipennis (Horn) - Triarius vittipennis Leaf Beetle - Acalymma vinctum
Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber - Diabrotica undecimpunctata Diabrotica longicornis (Say) - Diabrotica longicornis=Diabrotica longicornis (Say) - Diabrotica longicornis Diabrotica balteata LeConte - Diabrotica balteata Diabrotica litterata (Sahlberg) - Diabrotica litterata Diabrotica adelpha Harold - Diabrotica adelpha=Diabrotica adelpha Harold - Diabrotica adelpha Diabrotica cristata (Harris) - Diabrotica cristata
Disonycha leptolineata Blatchley - Disonycha leptolineata Disonycha arizonae Casey - Disonycha arizonae Disonycha fumata (LeConte) - Disonycha fumata Disonycha sp. - Disonycha alternata Disonycha admirabila Blatchley - Disonycha admirabila Disonycha glabrata (Fabricius) - Disonycha glabrata Disonycha barberi Blake - Disonycha barberi Disonycha pensylvanica (Illiger) - Disonycha pensylvanica
Disonycha procera Casey - Disonycha procera=Disonycha procera Casey - Disonycha procera Disonycha caroliniana (Fabricius) - Disonycha caroliniana Disonycha stenosticha Schaeffer - Disonycha stenosticha Disonycha triangularis (Say) - Disonycha triangularis Disonycha? sp possible? - Disonycha xanthomelas Disonycha discoidea (Fabricius) - Disonycha discoidea Disonycha tenuicornis Horn - Disonycha tenuicornis

Attelabidae - Leaf Rolling Weevils

Haplorhynchites eximius (LeConte) - Haplorhynchites eximius=Haplorhynchites eximius (LeConte) - Haplorhynchites eximius Haplorhynchites pseudomexicanus Hamilton - Haplorhynchites pseudomexicanus Haplorhynchites quadripennis (Fall) - Haplorhynchites quadripennis=Haplorhynchites quadripennis (Fall) - Haplorhynchites quadripennis

Curculionidae - Weevils (see also: Curculionoidea of Texas)

Curculioninae

Notolomus sp. 1 - Notolomus Notolous sp. 2 - Notolomus

Baridinae - Flower Weevils

Odontocorynus salebrosus (Casey) - Odontocorynus salebrosus Nicentrus decipiens (LeConte) - Nicentrus decipiens Linogeraeus neglectus (LeConte) - Linogeraeus neglectus Geraeus modestus (Boheman) - Geraeus modestus Geraeus or Linogeraeus Centrinopus helvinus Casey - Centrinopus helvinus Catapastus seriatus Casey - Catapastus seriatus Madarellus undulatus (Say) - Madarellus undulatus Glyptobaris lecontei Champion - Glyptobaris lecontei 

Also, the following smaller families contain species of flower visitors in Texas: Kateretidae - Cryptophagidae - Byturidae - Mycteridae


Select Beetle Pollination and Related References for Texas and Beyond

Adams, C.L. and R.B. Selander. 1979. The biology of blister beetles of the Vittata Group of the genus Epicauta (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Bulletin of the American Musuem of Natural History 162: 139-266.

Anderson, R.S. and L.D. Gómez-P. 1997. Systenotelus, a remarkable new genus of weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae) in Costa Rica and Panamá. Revista de Biolog a Tropical 45: 887-904.

Armstrong, J.E. 1997. Pollination by deceit in nutmeg (Myristica insipida, Myristicaceae): floral displays and beetle activity at male and female trees. American Journal of Botany 84: 1266–1274.

Armstrong, J.E. and A. Irvine. 1989. Floral biology of Myristica insipida (Myristicaceae), a distinctive beetle pollination syndrome. American Journal of Botany 76: 86-94.

Armstrong, J.E. and A. Irvine. 1990. Functions of staminodia in the beetle-pollinated flowers of Eupomatia laurina. Biotropica 22: 429-431.

Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1951. A revision of the Nearctic Oedemeridae (Coleoptera). American Midland Naturalist 45: 257-391.

Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1965. Species of Oedemeridae of the Big Bend region  of  Texas. Proceedings  of the United State National Museum, pp. 47-56.

Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1968. Oedemeridae (Latreille, 1810). The false blister beetles. The Beetles of the United States. The American Entomological Institute. Ann Arbor, MI. 1112 pp.

Arnett, Jr. R.H., M.C Thomas and P.E Skelley; J.H. Frank (editors). 2002. American Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. xiv + 861 pp.

Balduf, W.V. 1935. The bionomics of entomophagous Coleoptera. John S. Swift, NY. 220 pp. 

Barth, F. 1985. Insects and flowers: the biology of a partnership. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. x + 408 pp.

Baxter-Gilbert, J.H., Riley, J.L., Neufeld, C.J., Litzgus, J.D., and Lesbarrères, D. 2015. Road mortality potentially responsible for billions of pollinating insect deaths annually. Journal of insect conservation. 19(5): 1029-1035.

Beach, J.H. 1982. Beetle pollination of Cyclanthus bipartitus (Cyclanthaceae). American Journal of Botany 69: 1074–1081.

Beal, R.S. 1995. Taxonomic notes and distributional data on Nearctic species of Cryptorhopalum (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) with description of a new southwestern U.S. species. Entomological News 106(4): 169-177.

Benedict JH, Wolfenbarger DA, Bryant VM Jr., George DM. 1991. Pollen ingested by boll weevils (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology 84: 126– 131.

Bernhardt, P. 2000. Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated angiosperms. Plant Systematics and Evolution 222(1): 293-320.

Betz, R.F., R.D. Struven, J.E. Wall, and F.B. Heitler. 1994. Insect pollinators of 12 milkweed (Asclepias) species. Pp. 45-60 In: T. B. Bragg and J. Stubbendieck (eds.) Proc. of the Thirteenth North American Prairie Conference. Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Blake, D.H. 1933. Revision of the beetles of the genus Disonycha occurring in America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 82(28): 1-66, pls.1-8.

Blake, D.H. 1951. New species of chrysomelid beetles of the genera Trirhabda and Disonycha (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(10): 324-328.

Blake, D.H. 1955. Revision of the vittate species of the chrysomelid beetle genus Disonycha from the Americas south of the United States. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 104(3338): 1-86.

Bohart, G.K. and W.P. Nye. 1960. Insect pollinators of carrots in Utah. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 419.

Bond, W.B., and T.K. Philips. 1999. Diversity, phenology and flower hosts of anthophilous longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a southeastern Ohio forest. Entomological News 110: 267–278.

Bottimer, L.J. 1969. Bruchidae associated with Mimosa with description of a new species. The Canadian Entomologist 101: 1186–1198.

Bottimer, L.J. 1973. Two new American bruchids in the sordidus group of Stator (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) with notes on other species. The Canadian Entomologist 105: 545–551.

Beach, J.H. 1982. Beetle pollination of Cyclanthus bipartitus (Cyclanthaceae). American Journal of Botany 69: 1074-1081.

Buchmann, S.L., and G.P. Nabhan. 1997. The forgotten pollinators. Island Press, Washington, D.C. xx + 292 pp.

Burtt, B.L. 1961. Compositae and the study of functional evolution. Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 39: 216-232.

Charpentier, R. 1985. Host plant selection by the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 38: 277-285.

Chandler, D.S. 1982. A revision of North American Notoxus with a cladistic analysis of the New World species (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). Entomography 1: 333-438.

Chaves, R. and J.A. Genaro. 2005. A new species of Pharaxonotha (Coleoptera: Erotylidae), probable pollinator of the endangered Cuban cycad, Microcycas calocoma. Insecta Mundi 19: 143-150.

Clark, S.M., D.G. LeDoux, T.N. Seeno, E.G. Riley, A.J. Gilbert, and J.M. Sullivan. 2004. Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae, Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae). Coleopterists Society, Special Publication no. 2, 476 pp.

Clausen, C.P. 1940. Entomophagous insects. McGraw-Hill, New York. x + 688 pp.

Connell, S.W. and P.G. Ladd. 1993. Pollination biology of Macrozamia riedlei — the role of insects. Pp. 96-102. In: D.W. Stevenson and K.J. Norstog (eds), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cycad Biology, Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia, Milton, QId.

Crowson, R.A. 1991. The relations of Coleoptera to Cycadales. Pp. 13-28. In: M. Zunino, X. Belles and M. Blas (eds.). Advances in Coleopterology. Asociación Europea de Coleopterología, Barcelona.

Crepet, W. 1979. Insect pollination: a paleontological perspective. Bioscience 29: 102-108.

Crepet, W.L. 1983. The role of insect pollination in the evolution of the angiosperms. Pp. 29–50 In: L. Real (ed.). Pollination biology. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.

Crowson, R.H. 1991. The relations of Coleoptera to Cycadales. Pp. 13-28. In: M. Zunino, X. Beltes and M. Blas (eds), Advances in coleopterology. European Association of Coleopterology, Barcelona.

Dafni, A., P. Bernhardt, A. Shmida, B. Y. Ivri, S. Greenbaum, Ch. O'Toole and L. Losito. 1990. Red bowl-shaped flowers: convergence for beetle pollination in the Mediterranean region. Israel Journal of Botany 39: 81-92.

Dafni, A., M. Hesse, and E. Pacini. (eds.). 2000. Pollen and pollination. Plant Systematics and Evolution 222: ix + 336 pp.

Darwin, C.R. 1876 The effects of cross and self fertilization in the vegetable kingdom. John Murray, London.

De Luca, Y. 1966. Alimentation imaginale des Bruchidés (Col.). Parasitica 22: 26–54.

Diels, L. 1916. Käfer blumen bei den Ranales und ihre bedeutung fur die phylogenese der angiospermen. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 34: 758-774.

Dieringer G., Cabrera R. L., Lara M., Loya L., Resyes-Castillo P. 1999. Beetle pollination and floral thermogenicity in Magnolia tamaulipana (Magnoliaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 160: 64-71.

Dillon, L.S. 1952. The Meloidae (Coleoptera) of Texas. American Midland Naturalist, 48(2): 330-420.

Donaldson, J.S. 1997. Is there a floral parasite mutualism in cycad pollination? The pollination biology of Encephalartos villosus (Zamiaceae). The American Journal of Botany 84: 1398-1406.

Donaldson, J.S.,  I. Nänni and J. de Wet Bösenberg. 1995. Beetle pollination of Encephalartos cycadifolius. Pp. 423-434, In: P. Vorster (ed.). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology, The Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch.

Ekbom, B., and A. Borg. 1996. Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) oviposition and feeding preference on different host plant species. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 78 (3): 291-299.

Englund, R. 1993. Movement patterns of Cetonia beetles (Scarabaeidae) among flowering Viburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae): Option for long distance pollen dispersal in a temperate shrub. Oecologia 94: 295-302.

Ellis, W.N. and A.C. Ellis-Adam. 1993. To make a meadow it takes a clover and a bee: The entomophilous flora of N.W. Europe and its insects.  Bijdr. Dierk. 63: 193-220.

Eriksson, R. 1994. The remarkable weevil pollination of the neotropical Carludovicoideae (Cyclanthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 189(1/2): 75-81.

Evans. A.V. 2014. Beetles of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 560 pp.

Evans, K.A., and L.J. Allen-Williams. 1994. Laboratory and field response of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, to the odour of oilseed rape. Physiological Entomology 19 (4): 285-290.

Farrell, B.D. 1998. “Inordinate fondness” explained: why are there so many beetles? Science, 281: 555-559.

Fender, K.M. 1964. The Chauliognathini of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera-Cantharidae). Part 1. Northwest Science 38: 52–64.

Fender, K.M. 1964. The Chauliognathini of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera-Cantharidae). Part 2. Northwest Science 38: 95-106.

Forbes, S.A. 1883. The food relations of the Carabidae and Coccinellidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 6: 33-64.

Ford, E.J. and J.A. Jackman. 1996. New larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) in North America. Coleopterists Bulletin 50(4): 361-368.

Foster, D.E. 1976. Revision of North American Trichodes (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University No. 11. 86 pp.

Forster, P. I. 1988. Pollination of Peristeranthus millii (Orchidaceae) by Metriorrhynchus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Lycidae). 42(2): 166.

Forster, P. I. 1989. Pollination of Marsdenia fraseri (Asclepiadaceae) by Metriorrhynchus lateralis (Coleoptera: Lycidae). 43(4): 311-312.

Franz, N.M. 2004. Analyzing the history of the derelomine flower weevil-Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81: 483-517

Franz, N.M. 2006. Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Systematic Entomology 31: 220-287.

Franz, N.M. 2007. Pollination of Anthurium (Araceae) by derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Revista de Biología Tropical 55(1): 269-277

Franz, N.M. and C.W. O’Brien. 2001. Ganglionus, a new genus of Derelomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 74: 835-850.

Franz, N.M. and C.W. O’Brien. 2001. Revision and phylogeny of Perelleschus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with notes on its association with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 127: 255-287.

Franz, N.M. and R.M. Valente. 2005. Evolutionary trends in derelomine flower weevils: from associations to homology. Invertebrate Systematics 19: 499-530.

Friis, E.M. and P.K. Endress. 1990. Origin and evolution of angiosperm flowers. Advances in Botanical Research 17: 99- 162.

Fussell, M. and S.A. Corbet. 1992. Flower usage by bumblebees; a basis for forage plant management. Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 451-465.

Giamoustaris, A., and R. Mithen. 1996. The effect of flower colour and glucosinolates on the interaction between oilseed rape and pollen beetles. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80: 206-208.

Goldblatt, P., P. Bernhardt and J.C. Manning. 1998. Pollination of petaloid geophytes by monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Hopliini) in southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 215 230.

Gosling, D.C.L. 1981. Ecology of the Cerambycidae in a southwestern Michigan woodland. Ph.D. Dissertation University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Gosling, D.C.L. 1984. Flower records for anthophilous Cerambycidae in a southwestern Michigan woodland. Great Lakes Entomologist 17: 79–82.

Gosling, D.C.L. 1986. Ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of the Huron Mountains in northern Michigan, The Great Lakes Entomologist, Detroit 19(3): 153-162.

Gosling, D.C.L. and N.M. Gosling. 1977. An annotated list of the Cerambycidae of Michigan (Coleoptera) Part II, the subfamilies Lepturinae and Lamiinae. Great Lakes Entomologist 10: 1–37.

Gottsberger, G. 1977. Some aspects of beetle pollinationin the evolution of flowering plants. Plant Systematics and Evolution Suppl., 1: 211-226.

Gottsberger, G. 1988. The reproductive biology of primitive angiosperms. Taxon 37: 630-643.

Gottsberger, G. 1989. Beetle pollination and flowering rhythm of Annona spp. (Annonaceae) in Brazil. Plant Systematics and Evolution 167: 165-187.

Gottsberger, G. 1989. Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the genera Annona and Rollinia (Annonaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 167: 189 194.

Grant, V. 1950. The protection of the ovules in flowering plants. Evolution 4: 179-201.

Greathead, D.J. 1983. The multi-million dollar weevil that pollinates oil palms. Antenna, 7(8): 105-107. 

Green, J.W. 1949. The Lycidae of  the United States and Canada. I. The tribe Lycini (Coleoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 75: 53-70. 

Green, J.W. 1952. The Lycidae of the United States and Canada. IV. The tribe Calopterini (Coleoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 78: 1-19. 

Green, J.W. 1953. The Lycidae of the United States and Canada. V. Plateros (Coleoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 78: 149-181.

Greenberg SM, Jones GD, Eischen F, Coleman RJ, Adamczyk JJ Jr., Liu T-X, Setamou M. 2007. Survival of boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults after feeding on pollens from various sources. Insect Science 14: 503–510.

Hall, J.A., G.H. Walter, D.M. Bergstrom, and P. Machin. 2004. Pollination ecology of the Australian cycad Lepidozamia peroffskyana (Zamiaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 52: 333-343.

Hamilton, R.W. 1973. Observations on the biology of Haplorhynchites aeneus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 27(2): 83-85.

Hamilton R.W. 1974. The genus Haplorhynchites (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae) in America north of Mexico. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67(5): 787-794.

Harborne, J.B. 1993. Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry. (4th ed.) Academic Press, NY.

Hawkeswood, T.J. 1980. Jewel beetles as pollinators of Melaleuca puaperifloa F. Muell between Eucla (W.A.) and Koonalda (S.A.). The Western Australian Naturalist 14(8): 238-239.

Hawkeswood, T.J. 1981. Notes on the pollination of Nuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R.Br. (Loranthaceae) and some literature reviewed. The Western Australian Naturalist 15: 17-21.

Hawkeswood, T.J. 1982. Notes on insect pollination of two species of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) from South-west Western Australia. The Victorian Naturalist 99: 28-37

Hawkeswood, T.J. 1987. Pollination of Leptospermum flavescens Sm. (Myrtaceae) by beetles (Coleoptera) in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 3:261-269.

Hawkeswood, T.J. 1990. Insect pollination of Bursaria spinosa (Pittosporaceae) in the Armidale area, New South Wales, Australia. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 5:67-87.

Hawkeswood, T.J. 1991. Insect pollination of Acacia bridwillii Benth. (Mimosaceae) at Townsville, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 5:219-238.

Hawkeswood, T.J. 2007. Pollination of Conospermum taxifolium R. Br. (Proteaceae) by jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Calodema Supplementary Paper No. 26: 1-4

Hawthorn, L.R., G.E. Bohart and E.H. Toole. 1956. Carrot seed yield and germination as affected by different levels of insect pollination. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science 67: 384-389.

Henderson, A. 1986. A review of pollination studies in the Palmae. The Botanical Review 52: 221-259.

Herrera, J. 1989. On the reproductive biology of the dwarf palm, Chamaerops humilis, in southern Spain. Principes 33: 27–32.

Hobby, B.M. 1933. Diptera and Coleoptera visiting orchids. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern England 1: 105–106.

Hook, A.W. 1987. Nesting behaviour of Texas Cerceris digger wasps with emphasis on nest reutilization and nest sharing (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Sociobiology 13: 93-188.

Hook, A.W. and H.E. Evans. 1991. Prey and parasites of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from central Texas, with description of the larva of Dasymutilla scaevola (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 64(3): 257-264.

Hovore, F.T., R.L. Penrose & R.W. Neck. 1987. The Cerambycidae, or longhorned beetles, of southern Texas: a faunal survey (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 44(13): 283-334.

Human, H.and S.W. Nicolson. 2003. Digestion of maize and sunflower pollen by the spotted maize beetle Astylus atromaculatus (Melyridae): is there a role for osmotic shock? Journal of Insect Physiology 49: 633–643.

Inouye, D.W. 2007. Impacts of global warming on pollinators. Wings 30(2): 24-27.

Irvine, A.K. and J. Armstrong. 1988. Beetle pollination in Australian tropical rainforests. The Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 15: 107-113.

Ishida, K. 1996. Beetle pollination of Magnolia praecocissima var. borealis. Plant Species Biology 11: 198-206.

Jackman, J.A. 1991. Notes on the Nomenclature of Mordellidae of America North of Mexico. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 45(4): 323-330.

Jackman, J.A., and W. Lu. 2001. Nomenclatural changes for selected Mordellidae (Coleoptera) in North America. Insecta Mundi 15(1): 31-34.

Jackman, J.A. and C.R. Nelson. 1995. Diversity and phenology of tumbling flower beetles (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) captured in a malaise trap. Entomological News 106(3): 97-107.

Jarry, M. 1987. Diet of the adults of Acanthoscelides obtectus and its effect on the spatial pattern of the attacks in the fields of Phaseolus vulgaris. Pp. 71–75. In: V. Labeyrie, G. Fabres, and D. Lachaise, (eds.). Insects-Plants. W. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Johnson, C.D. and R.A. Kistler. 1987. Nutritional ecology of bruchid beetles. Pp. 259–282. In: F. Slansky, Jr., and J.G. Rodriguez, (eds.). Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites and Spiders. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Jones RW, Cate JR, Hernandez EM, Sosa ES. 1993. Pollen feeding and survival of the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on selected plant species in northeastern Mexico. Environmental Entomology 22: 99–108.

Jones GD, Coppedge JR. 2000. Foraging resources of adult Mexican corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Bell County, Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology 93: 636–643.

Jones GD, Greenberg SM. 2009. Cotton pollen retention in boll weevils: a laboratory experiment. Palynology 31: 157–165. 

Jones GD, Greenberg SM, Eischen FA. 2007. Almond, melon, and pigweed pollen retention in the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Palynology 31: 81–93.

Judd, W.W. 1969. Insects associated with flowering wild carrot, Daucus carota L., in southern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 100: 176-181.

Kearns, C.A. and D.W. Inouye. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO. 583 pp.

Kearns, C.K., D.W. Inouye and N.M. Waser. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation biology of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 83-112.

Kephart, S. & K. Theiss. 2004. Pollinator-mediated isolation in sympatric milkweeds (Asclepias): do floral morphology & insect behavior influence species boundaries? New Phytologist 161: 265-277. (Full PDF)

Kingsolver, J.M. 2004. Handbook of the Bruchidae of the United States and Canada (Insecta: Coleoptera). USDA Tech. Bull. Vol 1, 1912: 1-324. 

Kingsolver, J.M. 2004. Handbook of the Bruchidae of the United States and Canada (Insecta: Coleoptera). USDA Tech. Bull. Vol 2, 1912: 1-198.

Knull, J.N. 1946. The longhorned beetles of Ohio (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin 39: 133–354.

Knuth, P. 1906, 1908, 1909. Handbook of flower pollination, Vol I-III. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Vol. 1. Introduction and literature. xix + 382.
Vol. 2. Observations on flower pollination made in Europe and the Arctic regions on species belonging to the natural orders: Ranunculaceae to Stylidieae. viii + 702.
Vol. 3. Observations on flower pollination made in Europe and the Arctic regions on species belonging to the natural orders: Goodenovieae to Cycadeae. ix + 640.

Kugler, H. 1984. Die Bestäubung von Blüten durch den Schmalkäfer Oedemera (Coleoptera). Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 97: 383-390.

Labandeira, C. 1998. How old is the flower and the fly? Science 280: 57-59.

Lago, P.K. and M.O. Mann. 1987. Survey of Coleoptera associated with flowers of wild carrot (Daucus carota L.) (Apiaceae) in northern Mississippi. 41(1): 1-8.

Lawrence, J.F. and P. Vaurie. 1983. A catalog of the Coleoptera of America North of Mexico. Family Languriidae. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook 529-92: 12 pp.

Leavengood, Jr., J.M. 2008. The checkered beeltes (Coleoptera: Cleridae) of Florida. Thesis for the degree of Master of Science. University of Florida, Gainesville. 206 pp.

Leroi, B. 1978. Alimentation des adultes d’Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coléoptère, Bruchidae): Influence sur la longévite et la production ovarienne des individus vierges. Annales Zoologie-Ecologie Animales 10: 559–567.

Lingafelter, S.W. 1991. The Cerambycidae of north-central Texas. M.S. Thesis, Midwestern State University, Texas. 176 pp.

Lingafelter, S.W. 2007. Illustrated Key to the Longhorned Woodboring Beetles of the Eastern United States. Special Publication No. 3. Coleopterists Society Miscellaneous Publication. 206 pp.

Lingafelter, S.W. and N.V. Horner. 1993. The Cerambycidae of north-central Texas. Coleopterists Bulletin, 47(2): 159-191.

Linsley, E.G. 1957. Host relationships in the genus Crossidius (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 30: 81–89.

Linsley, E.G. 1961. Cerambycidae of North America. Part I: Introduction. University of California Publications in Entomology 18: 1–135.

Linsley, E.G. and J.A. Chemsak. 1961. A distributional and taxonomic study of the genus Crossidius  (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Miscellaneous publications of the Entomological Society of America, 3(2): 25-64

Linsley, E.G. and J.A. Chemsak. 1972. Cerambycidae of North America. Part VI, No. 1: Taxonomy and classification of the subfamily Lepturinae. University of California Publications in Entomology 69: 1–138.

Linsley, E.G. and J.A. Chemsak. 1976. Cerambycidae of North America. Part VI, No. 2: Taxonomy and classification of the subfamily Lepturinae. University of California Publications in Entomology 80: 1–186.

Linsley, E.G. and J.A. Chemsak. 1997. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part VIII. Bibliography, Index and Host Plant Index. University of California Publications in Entomology 117: ix + 534 pp.

Linsley, E.G., J.W. MacSwain and R.F. Smith. 1952. The life history and development of Rhipiphorus smithi with notes on their phylogenetic significance (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae). University of California Publications in Entomology 9: 291-314.

Lundgren, J.G. 2009. Nutritional aspects of non-prey foods in the life histories of predaceous Coccinellidae. Biological Control 51(2): 294–305.

MacKay, R.J. and P. Wollenman. 1981. An outbreak of blister beetle poisoning in horses in Florida. Florida Veterinary Journal 10: 11-13.

MacSwain, J.W. 1956. A classification of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). Entomology Volume 12. University of California Press. 182 pp.

Mader, E., M. Shepherd, M. Vaughan, S.H. Black and G. LeBuhn. 2011. Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies. Storey Publishing, North Adams, MA. xi + 372 pp.

Madge, R.B. 1967. A revision of the genus Lebia Latreille in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae 3: 139-242.

Marschalek, D.A. 2013. Blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) of Wisconsin: distribution and ecology. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison. viii + 349 pp.

Marsh, H.O. 1912. Biologic notes on some species of Diabrotica in southern Texas. USDA Bureau of Entomology Bulletin 82: 76-84.

Mawdsley, J.R. 2002. Ecological notes on species of Cleridae (Coleoptera) associated with the prairie flora of central North America. Great Lakes Entomologist 35: 15-22.

Mawdsley, J.R. 2004. Pollen transport by North American Trichodes Herbst (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106(1): 199-201.

Mawdsley, J.R. and H. Sithole. 2009. Diversity and abundance of insect visitors to the flowers of trees and shrubs in a South African savannah. African Journal of Ecology. 48(3): 691–698.

Mawdsley, J.R. and H. Sithole. 2010. Observations on the biology of the South African checkered beetle Aphelochroa sanguinalis (Westwood) (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Insecta Mundi 0111: 1-6.

McDowell, W.T. 2011. Diversity and notes on the reproductive biology of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) on Hydrangea arborescens L. and Daucus carota L. at LaRue-Pine Hills Research Natural Area in Southern Illinois, U.S.A.. The Coleopterists Bulletin 65(4): 411-416.

McDowell, W.T. and T.C. MacRae. 2008. First record of Typocerus deceptus Knull 1929 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Missouri, with notes on additional species from the state. Pan Pacific Entomologist 84: 341–343.

Meeuse, B.J.D. 1959. Beetles as pollinators. Biologist 42(1-2): 22-32.

Meeuse, B.J.D. 1975. Thermogenic respiration in aroids. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 26: 117-126

Meeuse, B.J.D. and M.H. Hatch. 1960. Beetle pollination in Dracunculus and Sauromatum (Araceae). 14(3): 70-74.

Moldenke, A.R. 1976. California pollinationecology and vegetation types. Phytologia, 34: 305-361.

Moldenke, A.R. 1979. Pollination ecology as an assay for ecosystem organization: convergent evolution in Chile and California. Phytologia, 42: 415-454.

Monteith, G.B. 1973. Entomological notes: Dung beetles as pollinators of an Arum Lily. News Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Queensland 97: 13.

Nalepa CA, Bambara SB, Burrought AM. 1992. Pollen and nectar feeding by Chilocorus kuwanae (Silvestri) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 94: 596–597.

National Research Council of the National Academies. 2006. Status of pollinators in North America. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.

Nelson, G.H., G.C. Walters, Jr., R.D. Haines & C.L. Bellamy. 2008. A catalog and bibliography of the Buprestoidea of America North of Mexico. The Coleopterists Society, Special Publication No. 4. iv + 1-274.

Norstog, K.J. and P.K.S. Fawcett. 1989. Insect-Cycad Symbiosis and its Relation to the Pollination of Zamia furfuracea (Zamiaceae) by Rhopalotria mollis (Curculionidae). American Journal of Botany 76(9): 1380-1394.

Norstog, K.J., P.K.S. Fawcett and A.P. Vovides. 1992. Beetle pollination of two species of Zamia: evolutionary and ecological considerations. Palaeobotanist 41: 149-158.

Norstog, K.J., and T.J. Nicholls. 1997. The biology of the cycads. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. 363 pp.

Norstog, K and D.W. Stevenson. 1980. Wind? Or insects? The pollination of cycads. Bulletin of Fairchild Tropical Garden 35(1): 28-30.

Norstog, K.J., D.W. Stevenson and K.J. Niklas. 1986. The role of beetles in the pollination of Zamia furfuracea L. fil. (Zamiaceae). Biotropica 18: 300-306.

Oberprieler, R.G. 1989. Platymerus, a forgotten weevil. Pellea 8: 50-54.

Oberprieler, R.G. 1995. The weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) associated with cycads 1. Classification, relationships, and biology.Pp. 295-324. In: P. Vorster (ed.). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology, The Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch.

Oberprieler, R.G. 1995. The weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) associated with cycads. 2. Host specificity and implications for cycad taxonomy. Pp. 335-365. In: P. Vorster (ed.). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cycad Biology. Cycad Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch.

O’Brien, C.W. and W. Tang. 2015. Revision of the New World cycad weevils of the subtribe Allocorynina, with description of two new genera and three new subgenera (Coleoptera: Belidae: Oxycoryninae). Zootaxa 3970(1): 1–87.

Ødegaard, F. and D. Frame 2007. Generalist flowers and phytophagous beetles in two tropical canopy trees: resources for multitudes. Taxon 56(3): 696–706.

Opitz, W. 2002. Flower foraging behavior of the Australian species Eleale aspera (Newman) (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 56(2): 241-245.

Opitz, W. 2003. Spermatophores and spermatophore producing internal organs of Cleridae (Coleoptera: Clerinae): their biological and phylogenetic implications. Coleopterists Bulletin 57: 167-190.

Orozco, J. 2012. Monographic revision of the American genus Euphoria Burmeister, 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). The Coleopterists Society Monographs 11: 1-182. 

Palmer, W.A. 1987. The phytophagous insect fauna associated with Baccharis halmifolia L. and Baccharis neglecta Britton in Texas, Louisiana, and northern Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 89: 185–199.

Parmenter L. 1956. Beetles visiting the flowers of dogwood, Cornus sanguinea L. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 68: 243–244.

Parrish, J.A.D.  and F.A. Bazzaz 1979. Difference in pollination niche relationships in early and late successional plant communities. Ecology 60: 597–610.

Parsons, C.T. 1943. A revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae (Coleoptera). Bulletin of Comparative Zoology 92: 121-248.

Pascarella, J.B., K.D. Waddington, and P.R. Neal. 2001. Non-apoid flower-visiting fauna of Everglades National Park. Florida. Biodiversity and Conservation 10: 551-566.

Pellmyr, O. 1992. Evolution of insect pollination and angiosperm diversification. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7: 46-49.

Pelletier G. and C. Hébert. 2014. The Cantharidae of eastern Canada and northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification 25: 1-246.

Pellmyr, O. and J. Patt. 1986. Function of olfactory and visual stimuli in pollination of Lysichiton americanum (Araceae) by a staphylinid beetle. Madrono 33: 47-54.

Pellmyr, O., W. Tang, I. Groth, G. Bergstrom and LB. Thien. 1991. Cycad cone and angiosperm floral volatiles: inferences for the evolution of insect pollination. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19: 623-627.

Picker, M.D. and J.J. Midgley. 1996. Pollination by monkey beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Hopliini): flower and colour preferences. African Entomology 4: 7-14.

Piegler, R.S. 1988. A review of pollination of Magnolia by beetles, with a collecting survey made in the Carolinas. Magnolia 45: 1-8.

Primack, R.B. and J.A. Silander. 1975. Measuring the relative importance of different pollinators to plants. Nature 255: 143-144.

Pinto, J.D. 1979. A classification of the genus Eupompha (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 195: 391-459.

Pinto, J.D. 1984. A taxonomic review of Cysteodemus LeConte, Phodaga LeConte and Pleuropasta Wellman (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Eupomphina) with a new generic synonymy. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 86: 127-143.

Pinto, J.D. 1991. The taxonomy of North American Epicauta (Coleoptera: Meloidae), with revision of the nominate subgenus and a survey of courtship behavior. University of California Publication Entomology Bulletin 110. 372 pp.

Pinto, J.D. and M.A. Bologna. 1999. The New World genera of Meloidae (Coleoptera): a key and synopsis. Journal of Natural History 33: 569-620.

Proctor, M. and P. Yeo. 1972. The pollination of flowers. Taplinger Publishing Co., New York. 418 pp.

Proctor, M., P. Yeo and A. Lack. 1996. The Natural History of Pollination. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 479 pp.

Quinn, M.A. 2000. Abundance and distribution of potential arthropod prey species in a typical Golden-cheeked Warbler habitat. Unpublished Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station. ix + 182 pp. (Abstract - species list)

Rattray, G. 1913. Notes on the pollination of some South African cycads. Transactions of The Royal Society 3: 259-270.

Regal, P.J. 1982. Pollination by wind and animals: ecology of geographic patterns. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13: 497–524.

Rice, M.E. 1981. Notes on Cerambycidae from Missouri. The Coleopterists Bulletin 35: 459–462.

Rice, M.E., R.H. Turnbow, Jr. and R.T. Hovore. 1985. Biological and distributional observations on Cerambycidae from the southwestern United States (Coleoptera). Coleopterists Bulletin, 39(1): 18-24.

Rickson, F.R., M. Cresti and J.H. Beach. 1990. Plant cells which aid in pollen digestion within a beetle's gut. Oecologia 82: 424–426.

Riley, E.G., S.M. Clark, and T.N. Seeno. 2003. Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae). Coleopterists Society, Special Publication no. 1. 290 pp.

Riley, E.G. and C.S. Wolfe. 2003. An annotated checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of Texas (Coleoptera). Southwestern Entomologist, Supplement no. 26: 1-37.

Sakai S., Kuniyasu M., Ymoto T., Kato M., Inoue T. 1999. Beetle pollination of Shorea parvifolia (Section Mutica, Dipterocarpaceae) in a general flowering period in Sarawak, Malaysia. Amer. J. Bot. 86: 62-69.

Sakai S., Kuniyasu M., Ymoto T., Kato M., Inoue T. 1999. A new pollination system: Dung-beetle pollination discovered in Orchidantha inouei (Lowiaceae, Zingiberales) in Sarawak, Malaysia. American Journal of Botany 86: 56-61.

Samuelson, G.A. 1994. Pollen consumption and digestion by leaf beetles. Pp. 179-183. In: Jolivet P. J., Cox M. L., Pettipierre E. (eds.) Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Saul-Gershenz, L. & J. Millar. 2006. Phoretic nest parasites use sexual deception to obtain transport to their host's nest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 4039-14044.

Saville, N.M. 1993. Bumblebee ecology in woodlands and arable farmland. PhD Thesis. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Schoeb, T.R. and R.J. Panciera. 1979. Pathology of blister beetle (Epicauta) poisoning in horses. Veterinary Pathology 16: 18-31.

Schwitzgebel, R.B. and D.A. Wilbur. 1942. Coleoptera associated with ironweed, Vernonia interior Small in Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 15: 37-44.

Schwitzgebel, R.B. and D.A. Wilbur. 1943. Coleoptera associated with ironweed, Vernonia interior Small in Kansas.Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 16: 7.

Selander, E.B. 1957. Descriptions and records of North American Meloidae. I. (Coleoptera). Proceedings of The Entomological Society of Washington 59(3): 135-141. 

Selander, R.B. 1960. Bionomics, systematics, and phylogeny of Lytta, a genus of blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Illinois Biological Monographs 28: iv + 1-295.

Selander, R.B. 1963. New species and new synonymy in Pyrota Dejean (Coleoptera: Meloidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 17(2): 33-41.

Selander, R.B. 1965. A taxonomic revision of the genus Megetra (Co1eoptera: Meloidae) with ecological  and behavioral notes. Canadian Entomologist 97(6): 561-580. 

Selander, R.B. 1966. A classification of the genera and higher taxa of the meloid subfamily Eleticinae (Coleoptera). Canadian entomologist, 98: 449-481.

Selander, R.B. 1981. Evidence for a third type of larval prey in blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 54: 757-783.

Selander, R.B. 1982. Further studies of predation of meloid eggs by meloid larvae (Coleoptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 55(3): 427-441.

Selander, R.B. 1982. A revision of the genus Pyrota. I. The Mylabrina Group (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 55(4): 665-717.

Selander, R.B. 1982. A revision of the genus Pyrota. III. The Pacifica and Nobilis groups (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 108(4): 459-478.

Selander, R.B. 1983. A revision of the genus Pyrota. II. The Postica group (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85: 69-85.

Selander, R.B. 1983. A revision of the genus Pyrota. IV. The Tenuicostatis group (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 56 (1): 1-19.

Seres, A. and N. Ramirez. 1995. Biologia floral y polinizacion de algunas monocotiledoneas de un bosquw nublado venezolano. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82: 61-81.

Shepherd, M., S.L. Buchmann, M. Vaughan and S.H. Black. 2003. Pollinator conservation handbook. The Xerces Society, Portland, OR. 145 pp..

Sivadasan, M. and T. Sabu. 1989. Beetle-pollination cantharophily - in Amorphophallus hohenackeri (Araceae). Aroideana 12: 32-37.

Smith, B.C. 1961. Results of rearing some coccinellid (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) larvae on various pollens. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 91: 270-271.

Sprengel, C.K. 1793. Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen. Friedrich Vieweg, Berlin. i-iv + 1-444. pis. I-XXV.

Steiner, K. 1998. Beetle pollination of peacock moraeas (Iridaceae) in South Africa. Plant Systematics and Evolution 209: 47-65.

Steiner, K. 1998. The evolution of beetle pollination in a South African Orchid. American Journal of Botany 85: 1180-1193.

Strong, D.R., J.H. Lawton, and R. Southwood. 1984. Insects on plants, community patterns and mechanisms. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. vi + 313.

Swaine, J.M. and R. Hopping. 1928. The Lepturini of America north of Mexico. Part I. Bulletin of the Canadian National Museum, (Biological series 14) 52: 1-97.

Syed, R.A 1979. Studies of oil palm pollination by insects. Bulletin of Entomological Research 69: 213- 224.

Syed, R.A. 1982. Insect pollination of oil palm, feasibility of introducing Elaeidobius spp. into Malaysia.in oil palm in agriculture in the eighties. The incorporated society of planters, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 263- 289.

Tang, W. 1987. Insect pollination in the cycad Zamia pumila (Zamiaceae). American Journal of Botany 74: 90—99.

Tang, W. 1987. Heat production in cycad cones. Botanical Gazette 148: 165-174.

Tang, W. 1993. Heat and odour production in cycad cones and their role in insect pollination. Pp. 140-147. In: D.W. Stevenson and K.J. Norstog (eds). Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cycad Biology, Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia, Milton, QId.

Terry, I. 2001. Thrips and weevils as dual, specialist pollinators of the Australian cycad Macrozamia communis (Zamiaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 162: 1293-1305.

Torchio, P. and J. Bosch. 1992. Biology of Tricrania stansburyi, a meloid beetle cleptoparasite of the bee Osmia lignaria propinqua (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85: 713–721.

Triltsch, H. 1999. Food remains in the guts of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) adults and larvae. European Journal of Entomology 96: 355–364.

Turnbow, R.H. Jr. and J.E. Wappes. 1978. Notes on Texas Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 32(4): 367-372.

Turnbow, R.H. and J.E. Wappes. 1981. New host and distributional records for Texas Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Southwestern Entomologist 6(2): 75–80.

Vogt, G.B. 1949. A biologically annotated list of the Buprestidae of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 42(2): 191-202.

Vogt, B.G. 1949. Notes on Cerambycidae from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 25(3): 137-144; (4): 175-184.

Vovides, A.P. 1991. Insect symbionts of some Mexican cycads in their natural habitat. Biotropica 23: 102-104.

Vovides, A.P., N. Ogata, V. Sosa, and E. PeñaGarcia. 1997. Pollination of endangered Cuban cycad Microcycas calocoma (Miq.) A. DC. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 125: 201-210.

Walker, J.K. 1956. A life history study of Collops balteatus LeConte and Collops vittatus (Say) (Malachiidae, Coleoptera). Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station. 

Walker, J.K., Jr. 1957. A biological study of Collops balteatus Lec. and Collops vittatus Say. J. Econ. Entomol. 50: 395-399.

Wallace, B.J. 1980. Cantharophily and the pollination of Peristeranthus hillii. The Orchadian 6: 214-215.

Waser, N.M., L. Chittka, M.V. Price, N. Williams and J. Ollerton. 1996. Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology 77: 1043-1060.

Waser, N.M. and J. Ollerton (eds.). 2006. Plant–Pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 445 pp.

Westcott, R.L., W.F. Barr, G. H. Nelson, and D.S. Verity. 1979. Distributional and biological notes on North and Central American species of Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 33(2): 169-181. 

Wharton, R.A., E.G. Riley, M.A. Quinn, J.B. Woolley, J.S. Schaffner and  H.R. Burke. 1996. Invertebrate species available as food for the Golden-Cheeked Warbler in its nesting habitat. Texas Department of Transportation, Austin. 98 pp

Williams, G.A. 1995. Pollination ecology of lowland subtropical rainforests in New South Wales. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of New South Wales, Kensington.

Williams, G. and P. Adam. 1994. A review of rainforest pollination and plant-pollinator interactions with particular reference to Australian subtropical rainforests. Australian Zoologist 29: 177–212.

Williams, G.A. and P. Adam. 1998. Pollen loads collected from large insects in Australian subtropical rainforests. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales 120: 49-67.

Willemstein, S.C. 1987. An evolutionary basis for pollination ecology. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Chicago.

Willemstein. S.C. 1987. An evolutionary basis for pollination ecology. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.

Wilson, D.A. 1971. Notes and observations on Lepturini in New England (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 25(2): 59-62.

Wilson, G.W. 1993. Initial observations of the reproductive behaviour and an insect pollination agent of Bowenia serrulata (W. Bull) Chamberlain. Encephalartos 36: 13-18.

Wilson, G.W. 2002. Insect pollination in the cycad genus Bowenia (Stangeriaceae). Biotropica 34: 438-441.

Wolcott, A.B. 1947. Catalogue of North American beetles of the family Cleridae. Fieldiana: Zoology, 32(2): 61-105.

Yanega, D. 1996. Field guide to northeastern longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, 6: x + 1-174.

Young, H.J. 1988. Differential importance of beetle species pollinating Dieffenbachia longispatha. Ecology 69:832-844.

Young, H.J. 1988. Neighborhood size in a tropical beetle-pollinated aroid: effects of low density and asynchronous flowering. Oecologia 76:461-466.

Young, H.J. 1986. Beetle pollination of Dieffenbachia. American Journal of Botany 73: 931-944.


Sept 26, 2015 © Mike Quinn / entomike@gmail.com / Texas Entomology / Texas Beetle Resources / Photo Techniques